Disorders And Perversions
Life would be a very simple proposition if the mental machinery always
worked right. But this is peculiarly subject to damage both from without
and from within. From without it may be damaged by the toxins of food,
as in the acute toxic psychoses; by the poison of drink, as in the
alcohol-produced psychoses, such as acute alcoholic hallucinosis; by
lack of muscular exercise, resulting in a deficient supply of oxygen to
infections, which may result in the infection-exhaustion psychoses;
by wrong methods of education, and by surroundings which demand too
severe a mental strain in the struggle toward adjustment. These damages
from without we class roughly as environmental.
From within the mental workings may be injured by emotional dominance;
by bad habits of thinking and feeling and doing--often the result of
wrong methods of education; by defective heredity; by undeveloped will;
by the insanities. These danger sources from within we might classify as
self-produced and hereditary.
There may be disorders of any or every function of the intellect,
disorders of feeling, and perversions of will. Some of the most commonly
met we list below.
Disorders of the Functions of Intellect.
/ Hyperesthesia (exaggeration of sensation)
{ as found in neurasthenia, or in mania.
{ Anesthesia (absence of sensation)
{ as in the numbness of hysteria; in sensory
{ paralysis.
Disorders / Retardation
of < as in dementia and melancholia.
Sensation \ "Clouding" or dulness
{ as in simple depression.
{ Perversion
{ as in dementia and melancholia. Sweet may taste
\ sour; fresh food may smell decayed.
/ Hyperesthesia (exaggeration)
{ as in neurasthenia or mania.
{ Anesthesia
Disorders { as in hysteria or paralysis.
of { Retardation
Perception { as in dementia and melancholia.
/ "Clouding" or dulness
(being < as in simple depression.
dependent \ Illusion
on sensation { found in normal mind--easily corrected;
is always { found in many insanities.
disturbed { Hallucinations
with it). { frequently met in the infection-exhaustion psychoses,
{ in dementia, in paranoia, in acute
\ hallucinosis of alcoholism.
/ Hypochondriasis
{ found in many of the hypersuggestible, frequent
{ in the mild depressions and in all victims of
{ self-attention.
{ Retardation
{ found in most depressions.
{ Deficiency
{ as in idiocy--the inability to form new concepts.
{ Acceleration
{ as in hypo-mania.
{ Poverty
{ as in the abnormally self-centered;
{ as in melancholia.
{ Rambling ideas
{ as in chronic insanity.
{ Flight of ideas
{ as in manias, hysterias, and acute deliriums.
Disorders / Fixed ideas
of < as in paranoia.
Ideation \ Perversions (concepts change their meaning altogether)
{ as in dementia.
{ Ideogenous pains
{ as in hysteria.
{ Compulsive ideas
{ common in borderland states;
{ in psychasthenia, or hysteria.
{ Disorientation
{ { thing,
{ (wrong idea of { place, or
{ { person);
{ found in confused conditions;
{ in delirium from infections;
{ in insanities.
{ Confusion
{ as in the infection-exhaustion psychoses;
\ in insanities.
/ Absent-mindedness.
{ Amnesia (morbid forgetfulness).
{ { temporary,
Disorders / Aphasia { prolonged,
of < {permanent (see later explanation).
Memory \ Perversion
{ as fabrications, due to memory-confusion or
{ inaccuracy; also due to excessive ideation and
\ defective judgment.
/ / Somatic
{ { as in hypochondriasis.
{ { Persecutory
{ { as in paranoia.
{ { Unworthiness
{ { as in simple depression or
{ { melancholia.
{ Delusions { Grandeur
{ Systematized / as in mania or paranoia.
Disorders / Transient < Nihilistic
of < Fixed \ often found in melancholia.
Reason \ { Reference
{ { as in paranoia.
{ { Altered personality
{ { as in hysteria.
{ { Perverted personality
{ { (patient may believe he is a dog);
{ \ as in dementia.
{ Emotional thinking.
{ Shut-in personality
{ as seen in the deficient social capacity of potential
\ dementia praecox.
/ Defective judgment
{ in all insanities;
{ in hysteria.
{ Ex.: Patient who accepts mental suggestion
{ of disability as reality.
{ Perverted judgment
Disorders / in severe dementias--as influenced by unreasonable
of < fear, hatred, etc.;
Judgment \ in all acute insanities--as manifested in inability
{ of patient to rid himself of his delusions.
{ Absence of judgment
{ in all acute insanities;
{ in later dementias.
{ Limitations
\ in many so-called normal and in all the abnormal.
/ Suggestibility
{ in hysteria.
{ Excitement
{ in mania.
{ Depression
{ in melancholia.
Disorders / Phobias
of < as found in psychasthenia.
Emotion \ Deficiency
{ as in the apathy of depression.
{ Perversion
{ in mania, in depression, in catatonia.
{ Deterioration
{ in dementia.
{ Sense of unreality
\ found in all borderland cases.
/ Wilfulness
{ in many "normal." Very common in hypomania.
{ Willessness (aboulia or paralysis of will)
{ often found in psychasthenia; and in depressive
{ states.
{ Morbid inhibition
{ as in depressive states.
{ Indecision
{ as in psychasthenia;
{ as in simple depression.
{ Obsessions
{ found pre-eminently in psychasthenia.
{ Tics
Disorders / in many borderland cases;
of < in the hypersensitive as often the only expression
Will \ of any neuropathic tendency.
{ Distractibility
{ as in hypomania and frequently in hysteria.
{ Negativism
{ as in catatonia.
{ Mutism
{ as in catatonia.
{ Compulsive acts
{ as in psychasthenia, hysteria, etc.
{ Psychomotor overactivity (volition unable to check)
{ as in mania.
{ Psychomotor retardation (volition unable to energize)
\ as in depression.
From this limited survey of the mind's disorders we realize that every
departure from the normal mental attitude tends to associate itself with
one of the following five states of mental disability.
Depression,
Exaltation,
Perversion,
Enfeeblement,
Deficiency.
More
-
Accuracy Of Perception
The beginning of learning is perception. Keen, accurate perception at the time of first introduction of a new fact or thought, and the linking up of that new material with something already in consciousness, insures in the normal mind the ability to... Association Of Ideas
After the first few years of life practically nothing enters consciousness that cannot by some likeness or contrast or kinship be connected with something already there. Were it not for this saving economy memory would be helpless. So the nurse who ... Concentration
How to Study.--You learn sooner or later from experience that the quickest and best way to learn anything new is to give it your undivided attention at the moment; to perceive one thing at a time and to perceive it as something that is definite, or ... Consciousness
We took a glimpse at random into the mental life of an adult consciousness, and found it very complicated, constantly changing. We found it packed with shifting material, which, on the surface, seemed to bear very little relation. We found reason,... Consciousness In Delirium
At this time of our study it will suffice to say that in delirium and in insanity, which we might very broadly call a prolonged delirium, the toxic brain becomes a house in disorder. The censor is sick, and sequence and coherence are lost as the thr... Consciousness In Sleep
Sleep seldom, if ever, is a condition of utter unconsciousness. We so frequently have at least a vague recollection, when we wake, of dreaming--whether or not we remember the dream material--that we are inclined to accept sleep as always a state of ... Consciousness Is Complex
The one fact we want at this stage of our inquiry is simply this: that consciousness, awaking at birth, very soon becomes complex. However single and simple in content immediate consciousness may be, it is so intimately linked with all preceding exp... Development Of Reason And Will
Later still, when the child is older, we may have somewhat the following mechanism: "Sweets, good, want, taste; spank, hurt; don't care, spank not hurt much, maybe never found put, sweets very good." Now the child is reasoning and choosing between... Disorders And Perversions
Life would be a very simple proposition if the mental machinery always worked right. But this is peculiarly subject to damage both from without and from within. From without it may be damaged by the toxins of food, as in the acute toxic psychoses; b... Emotional Equilibrium
Suppose that when you first enter the ward you are wishing with all your heart you had never decided to become a probationer. Perhaps the white screen and its possible meaning has so frightened you that your thoughts refuse to go beyond it. Suppose ... Environment
While environment may prove the saving grace from poor heredity, it may itself add heavily to the debit side. With the very best of health backgrounds, environment may damage body and mind beyond repair. Under environment we include everything that ... Getting The Other Man's Point Of View
Our points of view are very frequently merely hereditary or acquired prejudices, hence altogether emotional rather than rational. We only with great difficulty see things through another man's eyes. It necessitates comprehending his background fully... Habit Is A Conserver Of Effort
It is always easier to follow a beaten path than to break one's way through untrodden forests. It is easier to walk after we "learn how," and learning how is simply doing it over and over until the legs and feet have acquired habits of motion and ac... Heredity
When we consider the accumulated possibilities for disorder which the family tree of almost any one of us can show, the wonder is not that there are so many nervous or insane, but rather that any come within hailing distance of the normal. For multi... Judgment
The conclusion or decision that reason has reached we call a judgment. The youth who decides against the sweet between meals, we say, has good judgment. And we base our commendation on the proved fact that sweets are real fuel, giving abundantly of ... Memory
No mind retains consciously everything that has ever impressed it. It is necessary that it put aside what ceases to be of importance or value and make way for new impressions. We found early in our study that the subconscious never forgets, but harb... Necessity Of Adaptability
Adaptability is as essential to life of mind as to life of body; and health of mind as well as health of body is determined by the individual ability to adjust himself to environment. There are dreamers who have lived in their ideal world so long ... Normal Emotional Reactions
Some emotions, that seem exaggerated at first thought, may be normal under the circumstances. For no one can know the whole background for emotional response in the life of another. After being long shut up in a darkened room, with bandaged eyes and... Nursing The Deluded Patient
The nurse soon realizes the uselessness of attempting to argue a patient out of his delusions, of trying to convince him that the things he sees and hears and perhaps tastes and feels, are but hallucinations. Her very insistence only fastens his att... One Thought Can Be Replaced By Another
If we control attention we control thought, and with the suggestible patient this principle depends upon the one just now considered. Hope and courage-breeding thoughts can replace despairing and fearful ones, but it will be only when attention is d... Organs Of Consciousness
Nothing is known to us until it has been transmitted to the mind by the senses. The nerves of special sense, of sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, the temperature sense ("hot or cold" sense), the muscular sense (sense of weight and position), th... Personal Reactions
What will decide whether a human being can resist, successfully, bad tendencies in heredity, or in environment, or in both, and keep a reasonably balanced mind? It demands insight, ambition, will; and if these remain the body can be forced to saving... Psychology And Health
In the use of its functions the mind manifests certain powers and certain modes of expression which can act as powerful allies or as damaging enemies of health. We speak of man as adaptable, but also as a being of habits. We speak of him as "feeli... Reaction Proportioned To Stimuli
In the normal mind the emotional or feeling accompaniment of thought and action is proportionate and adequate to the circumstances, i. e., there is a certain feeling, of a certain strength, natural to every thought and act; and when only that streng... Relation Of Mind And Body
We have found that mind is entirely dependent upon the bodily organs for its existence. Is the body in the same way dependent upon the mind? Can the mind die and the body go on? Given a perfect body with unblocked sense channels, and put the min... Self-correction
Accuracy in work, a primary essential to the nurse, can become automatic if she will demand of herself accuracy of perception, and concentrate on learning and doing until details almost take care of themselves; if she will correct her own work by th... Self-training In Memory
Hand in hand with clear thinking goes reliable memory. But so many of us have it not, and feel its need so strongly that we shall consider for a moment some means of training it. William James holds that brain-paths cannot be deepened; that memory... The Attention Of Interest
Attention naturally follows interest. It can, however, be held by will to the unappealing, with the usual result of transforming it into a thing of interest. One of the laws of the mind we have already stressed is that what we attend to largely d... The Attention Of Reason And Will
So the good nurse will not consider her work done when she has diverted mental processes into channels of co-operation. When the patient, who is capable of reasoning, knows the why of his treatment, and realizes that he can only keep well as he hims... The Beginning Of Reason
We found feeling by far the strongest factor in producing action in babyhood and childhood. Our instinctive doing, we learned, is the result of a race impulse. Will acts chiefly at emotion's bidding. But very early the baby's experience operates as ... The Central And Peripheral Nervous Systems In Action
I am passing the open door of a bake-shop, and a pervading odor fills the air. I think "hot rolls," because my organ of smell--the nose--has received a stimulus which it transmits along my olfactory nerves to the brain; and there the odor is given a... The Cerebrum Or Forebrain
For convenience the various lobes of the cerebrum are known as frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital, according to the parts of the brain referred to: as forehead, temples, crown, or occiput. The cerebellum, or hind brain, is also divided into ... The Deluded Patient
If the patient's mind is temporarily clouded through infection or suffering, he may be reacting to a delusion, an obsession, a fixed idea of disability, a terrifying fear. Sometimes he persistently refuses food, and gives no reason for it. The unthi... The Mind A Prey To False Associations
Sometimes a nurse reminds a patient of some one in the past who has complicated her life in an unhappy way, so she distrusts or dreads her or is made constantly uncomfortable in her presence. In such a case, if the nurse reports her patient as resis... The Normal Mind
Mind, we found, is born in the form of consciousness when the outside world impresses itself upon the brain-cells by way of the senses. This consciousness, observation and experiment prove, is first a feeling one, later a feeling-thinking-willing ... The Normal Mind
The normal mind reasons clearly with the best data at hand to results that will stand the test of conformity to reality; the normal mind uses reason and feeling, guided by reasonable attitude; in the normal mind reason advises action and will brings... The Normal Mind Instinct
We have found that the mind's chief end is action, of itself, or of its body. But what are its incentives to action? We see the very young baby giving evidences of an emotional life, living in an affective, or feeling environment, leading a pleasu... The Nurse Of The Future
The student of life and of the sciences which deal with the origin and development of the human race, and with the relations of man to man and nation to nation--such sciences as biology and anthropology, sociology and ethics and history--comes to ... The Nurse Of The Future
The nurse of the future will not be merely a handmaiden to care for the sick body by deftly carrying out the doctor's orders. She will do this almost automatically as a matter of course, and skilfully; but it will be the merest beginning of her miss... The Obsessed Patient
A patient who is suffering from obsessions must carry out certain abnormal actions, or be wretched. She cannot do otherwise. It is as though she were forced by some outside agent, though the forcing is actually from within. When the nurse realizes t... The Place Of Emotion
Feeling Cannot Be Separated from Thinking.--Emotion we found the constant accompaniment of every other mental activity. It is first on the stage of consciousness and, in the normal mind, last to withdraw. When I am working at a problem in doses or... The Power Of Suggestion
One almost universal condition found in illness is hypersuggestability. Here is the nurse's despair and her hope. Suggestion may come from without or from within. When from within, we call it autosuggestion. Many of the sick are temporarily resti... The Psychology Of The Nurse
The mind can be as definitely developed and strengthened as the body. The man who has suffered for years an organic disease will never have the same force as he who has never been seriously ill; but his constitution can be built up and made as eff... The Saving Power Of Will
It is not uncommon to hear a doctor say, "Nothing but his will pulled him through that time." It does not mean quite what it says, for the patient's will would have been helpless to cure him without the medicine and the treatment. But it does mean t...