Education As A Possible Cure For Crowd-thinking
We have seen that Democracy in and of itself is no more sure a guarantee of liberty than other forms of government. This does not necessarily mean that we have been forced by our psychological study into an argument against the idea of democracy a... Freedom And Government By Crowds
The whole philosophy of politics comes down at last to a question of four words. Who is to govern? Compared with this question the problem of the form of government is relatively unimportant. Crowd-men, whatever political faith they profess, behav... How Crowds Are Formed
In his well-known work on the psychology of the crowd Le Bon noted the fact that the unconscious plays a large part in determining the behavior of crowds. But he is not clear in his use of the term "unconscious." In fact, as Graham Wallas justly p... The Absolutism Of The Crowd-mind
Wherever conscious thinking is determined by unconscious mechanisms, and all thinking is more or less so, it is dogmatic in character. Beliefs which serve an unconscious purpose do not require the support of evidence. They persist because they are... The Crowd A Creature Of Hate
Probably the most telling point of likeness between the crowd-mind and the psychoneurosis--paranoia especially--is the "delusion of persecution." In cases of paranoia the notion that the patient is the victim of all sorts of intrigue and persecuti... The Crowd And The Social Problem Of To-day
Every one at times feels himself in the grip of social forces over which he has no control. The apparently impersonal nature of these forces has given rise to various mechanistic theories of social behavior. There are those who interpret the event... The Crowd And The Unconscious
Throughout the discussion thus far I have been making repeated reference to the psychology of the unconscious, without going into detail any more than was necessary. Let us now take a closer look at some of Freud's discoveries. In this way, what B... The Egoism Of The Crowd-mind
The unconscious egoism of the individual in the crowd appears in all forms of crowd-behavior. As in dreams and in the neurosis this self feeling is frequently though thinly disguised, and I am of the opinion that with the crowd the mechanisms of t... The Fruits Of Revolution New Crowd-tyrannies For Old
So much for the psychology of the revolutionary propaganda. Now let us look at what happens in the moment of revolutionary outbreak. We have dwelt at some length on the fact that a revolution occurs when a new crowd succeeds in displacing an old o... The Psychology Of Revolutionary Crowds
The crowd-mind is seen at its best and at its worst in revolution. To many minds, revolution is so essentially a crowd phenomenon that the terms revolution and crowd-rule are almost synonymous. "Hurrah, the mob rules Russia," cried certain radical... 1. IMPULSIVENESS, MOBILITY, AND IRRITABILITY OF CROWDS.
The crowd is at the mercy of all exterior exciting causes, and reflects their incessant variations--The impulses which the crowd obeys are so imperious as to annihilate the feeling of personal interest-- Premeditation is absent from crowds--Racial i... 1. IMAGES, WORDS AND FORMULAE.
The magical power of words and formulae--The power of words bound up with the images they evoke, and independent of their real sense--These images vary from age to age, and from race to race--The wear and tear of words--Examples of the considerable... 1. THE IDEAS OF CROWDS.
Fundamental and accessory ideas-- How contradictory ideas may exist simultaneously--The transformation that must be undergone by lofty ideas before they are accessible to crowds-- The social influence of ideas is independent of the degree of truth ... 1. THE LEADERS OF CROWDS.
The instinctive need of all beings forming a crowd to obey a leader--The psychology of the leaders of crowds--They alone can endow crowds with faith and organise them--The leaders forcibly despotic--Classification of the leaders--The part played by... 2. CROWDS ARE CREDULOUS AND READILY INFLUENCED BY
SUGGESTION. The obedience of crowds to suggestions--The images evoked in the mind of crowds are accepted by them as realities--Why these images are identical for all the individuals composing a crowd--The equality of the educated and the ignorant ma...

THE INTOLERANCE, DICTATORIALNESS AND CONSERVATISM OF CROWDS. FIXED BELIEFS. HETEROGENEOUS CROWDS THE MEANS OF ACTION OF THE LEADERS: AFFIRMATION, REPETITION, CONTAGION FIXED BELIEFS 2 IMPULSIVENESS, MOBILITY, AND IRRITABILITY OF CROWDS. 1. IMPULSIVENESS, MOBILITY, AND IRRITABILITY OF CROWDS. 3. THE EXAGGERATION AND INGENUOUSNESS OF THE SENTIMENTS OF

HETEROGENEOUS CROWDS The Crowd And The Social Problem Of To-day The Crowd And The Unconscious The Absolutism Of The Crowd-mind The Psychology Of Revolutionary Crowds The Crowd A Creature Of Hate Freedom And Government By Crowds The Egoism Of The Crowd-mind